mkdir -p 自定义空间名称/src
cd 自定义空间名称
catkin_make

cd src
catkin_create_pkg 自定义ROS包名 roscpp rospy std_msgs

cd 自定义的包

#include "ros/ros.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    //执行 ros 节点初始化
    ros::init(argc,argv,"hello");
    //创建 ros 节点句柄(非必须)
    ros::NodeHandle n;
    //控制台输出 hello world
    ROS_INFO("Hello World!");

    return 0;
}

add_executable(源文件名
  src/源文件名.cpp
)
target_link_libraries(源文件名
  ${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)

cd 自定义工作空间名称
catkin_make

cd ros包
mkdir scripts

#! /usr/bin/env python

#指定解释器

#1. 导包
import rospy

#2. 编写主入口
if __name__ == "__main__":
    #3. 初始化 ROS 节点
    rospy.init_node("hello_p")
    #4. 输出日志
    rospy.loginfo("HelloWorld!")

chmod +x 自定义文件名.py

catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS scripts/自定义文件名.py
  DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)

cd 自定义空间名称
catkin_make

sudo apt install terminator

{
// 有关 tasks.json 格式的文档，请参见
    // https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "tasks": [
        {
            "label": "catkin_make:debug", //代表提示的描述性信息
            "type": "shell",  //可以选择shell或者process,如果是shell代码是在shell里面运行一个命令，如果是process代表作为一个进程来运行
            "command": "catkin_make",//这个是我们需要运行的命令
            "args": [],//如果需要在命令后面加一些后缀，可以写在这里，比如-DCATKIN_WHITELIST_PACKAGES=“pac1;pac2”
            "group": {"kind":"build","isDefault":true},
            "presentation": {
                "reveal": "always"//可选always或者silence，代表是否输出信息
            },
            "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
        }
    ]
}

setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
// 或者
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "zh_CN.utf8");

<launch>
    <!-- 添加被执行的节点 -->
    <!-- <node pkg="" type="" name=""/> -->
    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtlesim_node" name="t1"/>
    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtle_teleop_key" name="key1" />
    <node pkg="helloworld" type="hello_vscode_c" name="hello" output="screen" />
</launch>

WorkSpace --- 自定义的工作空间

    |--- build:编译空间，用于存放CMake和catkin的缓存信息、配置信息和其他中间文件。

    |--- devel:开发空间，用于存放编译后生成的目标文件，包括头文件、动态&静态链接库、可执行文件等。

    |--- src: 源码

        |-- package：功能包(ROS基本单元)包含多个节点、库与配置文件，包名所有字母小写，只能由字母、数字与下划线组成

            |-- CMakeLists.txt 配置编译规则，比如源文件、依赖项、目标文件

            |-- package.xml 包信息，比如:包名、版本、作者、依赖项...(以前版本是 manifest.xml)

            |-- scripts 存储python文件

            |-- src 存储C++源文件

            |-- include 头文件

            |-- msg 消息通信格式文件

            |-- srv 服务通信格式文件

            |-- action 动作格式文件

            |-- launch 可一次性运行多个节点 

            |-- config 配置信息

        |-- CMakeLists.txt: 编译的基本配置

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!-- 格式: 以前是 1，推荐使用格式 2 -->
<package format="2">
  <!-- 包名 -->
  <name>demo01_hello_vscode</name>
  <!-- 版本 -->
  <version>0.0.0</version>
  <!-- 描述信息 -->
  <description>The demo01_hello_vscode package</description>

  <!-- One maintainer tag required, multiple allowed, one person per tag -->
  <!-- Example:  -->
  <!-- <maintainer email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</maintainer> -->
  <!-- 维护人员 -->
  <maintainer email="xuzuo@todo.todo">xuzuo</maintainer>


  <!-- One license tag required, multiple allowed, one license per tag -->
  <!-- Commonly used license strings: -->
  <!--   BSD, MIT, Boost Software License, GPLv2, GPLv3, LGPLv2.1, LGPLv3 -->
  <!-- 许可证信息，ROS核心组件默认 BSD -->
  <license>TODO</license>


  <!-- Url tags are optional, but multiple are allowed, one per tag -->
  <!-- Optional attribute type can be: website, bugtracker, or repository -->
  <!-- Example: -->
  <!-- <url type="website">http://wiki.ros.org/demo01_hello_vscode</url> -->


  <!-- Author tags are optional, multiple are allowed, one per tag -->
  <!-- Authors do not have to be maintainers, but could be -->
  <!-- Example: -->
  <!-- <author email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</author> -->


  <!-- The *depend tags are used to specify dependencies -->
  <!-- Dependencies can be catkin packages or system dependencies -->
  <!-- Examples: -->
  <!-- Use depend as a shortcut for packages that are both build and exec dependencies -->
  <!--   <depend>roscpp</depend> -->
  <!--   Note that this is equivalent to the following: -->
  <!--   <build_depend>roscpp</build_depend> -->
  <!--   <exec_depend>roscpp</exec_depend> -->
  <!-- Use build_depend for packages you need at compile time: -->
  <!--   <build_depend>message_generation</build_depend> -->
  <!-- Use build_export_depend for packages you need in order to build against this package: -->
  <!--   <build_export_depend>message_generation</build_export_depend> -->
  <!-- Use buildtool_depend for build tool packages: -->
  <!--   <buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend> -->
  <!-- Use exec_depend for packages you need at runtime: -->
  <!--   <exec_depend>message_runtime</exec_depend> -->
  <!-- Use test_depend for packages you need only for testing: -->
  <!--   <test_depend>gtest</test_depend> -->
  <!-- Use doc_depend for packages you need only for building documentation: -->
  <!--   <doc_depend>doxygen</doc_depend> -->
  <!-- 依赖的构建工具，这是必须的 -->
  <buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend>

  <!-- 指定构建此软件包所需的软件包 -->
  <build_depend>roscpp</build_depend>
  <build_depend>rospy</build_depend>
  <build_depend>std_msgs</build_depend>

  <!-- 指定根据这个包构建库所需要的包 -->
  <build_export_depend>roscpp</build_export_depend>
  <build_export_depend>rospy</build_export_depend>
  <build_export_depend>std_msgs</build_export_depend>

  <!-- 运行该程序包中的代码所需的程序包 -->  
  <exec_depend>roscpp</exec_depend>
  <exec_depend>rospy</exec_depend>
  <exec_depend>std_msgs</exec_depend>


  <!-- The export tag contains other, unspecified, tags -->
  <export>
    <!-- Other tools can request additional information be placed here -->

  </export>
</package>

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0.2) #所需 cmake 版本
project(demo01_hello_vscode) #包名称，会被 ${PROJECT_NAME} 的方式调用

## Compile as C++11, supported in ROS Kinetic and newer
# add_compile_options(-std=c++11)

## Find catkin macros and libraries
## if COMPONENTS list like find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS xyz)
## is used, also find other catkin packages
#设置构建所需要的软件包
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS
  roscpp
  rospy
  std_msgs
)

## System dependencies are found with CMake's conventions
#默认添加系统依赖
# find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS system)


## Uncomment this if the package has a setup.py. This macro ensures
## modules and global scripts declared therein get installed
## See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/user_guide/setup_dot_py.html
# 启动 python 模块支持
# catkin_python_setup()

################################################
## Declare ROS messages, services and actions ##
## 声明 ROS 消息、服务、动作... ##
################################################

## To declare and build messages, services or actions from within this
## package, follow these steps:
## * Let MSG_DEP_SET be the set of packages whose message types you use in
##   your messages/services/actions (e.g. std_msgs, actionlib_msgs, ...).
## * In the file package.xml:
##   * add a build_depend tag for "message_generation"
##   * add a build_depend and a exec_depend tag for each package in MSG_DEP_SET
##   * If MSG_DEP_SET isn't empty the following dependency has been pulled in
##     but can be declared for certainty nonetheless:
##     * add a exec_depend tag for "message_runtime"
## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt):
##   * add "message_generation" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to
##     find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...)
##   * add "message_runtime" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to
##     catkin_package(CATKIN_DEPENDS ...)
##   * uncomment the add_*_files sections below as needed
##     and list every .msg/.srv/.action file to be processed
##   * uncomment the generate_messages entry below
##   * add every package in MSG_DEP_SET to generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES ...)

## Generate messages in the 'msg' folder
# add_message_files(
#   FILES
#   Message1.msg
#   Message2.msg
# )

## Generate services in the 'srv' folder
# add_service_files(
#   FILES
#   Service1.srv
#   Service2.srv
# )

## Generate actions in the 'action' folder
# add_action_files(
#   FILES
#   Action1.action
#   Action2.action
# )

## Generate added messages and services with any dependencies listed here
# 生成消息、服务时的依赖包
# generate_messages(
#   DEPENDENCIES
#   std_msgs
# )

################################################
## Declare ROS dynamic reconfigure parameters ##
## 声明 ROS 动态参数配置 ##
################################################

## To declare and build dynamic reconfigure parameters within this
## package, follow these steps:
## * In the file package.xml:
##   * add a build_depend and a exec_depend tag for "dynamic_reconfigure"
## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt):
##   * add "dynamic_reconfigure" to
##     find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...)
##   * uncomment the "generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options" section below
##     and list every .cfg file to be processed

## Generate dynamic reconfigure parameters in the 'cfg' folder
# generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options(
#   cfg/DynReconf1.cfg
#   cfg/DynReconf2.cfg
# )

###################################
## catkin specific configuration ##
## catkin 特定配置##
###################################
## The catkin_package macro generates cmake config files for your package
## Declare things to be passed to dependent projects
## INCLUDE_DIRS: uncomment this if your package contains header files
## LIBRARIES: libraries you create in this project that dependent projects also need
## CATKIN_DEPENDS: catkin_packages dependent projects also need
## DEPENDS: system dependencies of this project that dependent projects also need
# 运行时依赖
catkin_package(
#  INCLUDE_DIRS include
#  LIBRARIES demo01_hello_vscode
#  CATKIN_DEPENDS roscpp rospy std_msgs
#  DEPENDS system_lib
)

###########
## Build ##
###########

## Specify additional locations of header files
## Your package locations should be listed before other locations
# 添加头文件路径，当前程序包的头文件路径位于其他文件路径之前
include_directories(
# include
  ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS}
)

## Declare a C++ library
# 声明 C++ 库
# add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}
#   src/${PROJECT_NAME}/demo01_hello_vscode.cpp
# )

## Add cmake target dependencies of the library
## as an example, code may need to be generated before libraries
## either from message generation or dynamic reconfigure
# 添加库的 cmake 目标依赖
# add_dependencies(${PROJECT_NAME} ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})

## Declare a C++ executable
## With catkin_make all packages are built within a single CMake context
## The recommended prefix ensures that target names across packages don't collide
# 声明 C++ 可执行文件
add_executable(Hello_VSCode src/Hello_VSCode.cpp)

## Rename C++ executable without prefix
## The above recommended prefix causes long target names, the following renames the
## target back to the shorter version for ease of user use
## e.g. "rosrun someones_pkg node" instead of "rosrun someones_pkg someones_pkg_node"
#重命名c++可执行文件
# set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME}_node PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME node PREFIX "")

## Add cmake target dependencies of the executable
## same as for the library above
#添加可执行文件的 cmake 目标依赖
add_dependencies(Hello_VSCode ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})

## Specify libraries to link a library or executable target against
#指定库、可执行文件的链接库
target_link_libraries(Hello_VSCode
  ${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)

#############
## Install ##
## 安装 ##
#############

# all install targets should use catkin DESTINATION variables
# See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/adv_user_guide/variables.html

## Mark executable scripts (Python etc.) for installation
## in contrast to setup.py, you can choose the destination
#设置用于安装的可执行脚本
catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
  scripts/Hi.py
  DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)

## Mark executables for installation
## See http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/catkin/html/howto/format1/building_executables.html
# install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}_node
#   RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
# )

## Mark libraries for installation
## See http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/catkin/html/howto/format1/building_libraries.html
# install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}
#   ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION}
#   LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION}
#   RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_GLOBAL_BIN_DESTINATION}
# )

## Mark cpp header files for installation
# install(DIRECTORY include/${PROJECT_NAME}/
#   DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_INCLUDE_DESTINATION}
#   FILES_MATCHING PATTERN "*.h"
#   PATTERN ".svn" EXCLUDE
# )

## Mark other files for installation (e.g. launch and bag files, etc.)
# install(FILES
#   # myfile1
#   # myfile2
#   DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_SHARE_DESTINATION}
# )

#############
## Testing ##
#############

## Add gtest based cpp test target and link libraries
# catkin_add_gtest(${PROJECT_NAME}-test test/test_demo01_hello_vscode.cpp)
# if(TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}-test)
#   target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME}-test ${PROJECT_NAME})
# endif()

## Add folders to be run by python nosetests
# catkin_add_nosetests(test)

roscore

roscore -p xxxx

rosrun rqt_graph rqt_graph

$ sudo apt install ros-<distro>-rqt
$ sudo apt install ros-<distro>-rqt-common-plugins

$ sudo apt install ros-noetic-rqt
$ sudo apt install ros-noetic-rqt-common-plugins

// 1.包含头文件 
#include "ros/ros.h"
#include "std_msgs/String.h" //普通文本类型的消息
#include <sstream>

int main(int argc, char  *argv[])
{   
    //设置编码
    setlocale(LC_ALL,"");

    //2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
    // 参数1和参数2 后期为节点传值会使用
    // 参数3 是节点名称，是一个标识符，需要保证运行后，在 ROS 网络拓扑中唯一
    ros::init(argc,argv,"talker");
    //3.实例化 ROS 句柄
    ros::NodeHandle nh;//该类封装了 ROS 中的一些常用功能

    //4.实例化 发布者 对象
    //泛型: 发布的消息类型
    //参数1: 要发布到的话题
    //参数2: 队列中最大保存的消息数，超出此阀值时，先进的先销毁(时间早的先销毁)
    ros::Publisher pub = nh.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter",10);

    //5.组织被发布的数据，并编写逻辑发布数据
    //数据(动态组织)
    std_msgs::String msg;
    // msg.data = "你好啊！！！";
    std::string msg_front = "Hello 你好！"; //消息前缀
    int count = 0; //消息计数器

    //逻辑(一秒10次)
    ros::Rate r(1);

    //节点不死
    while (ros::ok())
    {
        //使用 stringstream 拼接字符串与编号
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << msg_front << count;
        msg.data = ss.str();
        //发布消息
        pub.publish(msg);
        //加入调试，打印发送的消息
        ROS_INFO("发送的消息:%s",msg.data.c_str());

        //根据前面制定的发送贫频率自动休眠 休眠时间 = 1/频率；
        r.sleep();
        count++;//循环结束前，让 count 自增
        //暂无应用
        ros::spinOnce();
    }


    return 0;
}

// 1.包含头文件 
#include "ros/ros.h"
#include "std_msgs/String.h"

void doMsg(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg_p){
    ROS_INFO("我听见:%s",msg_p->data.c_str());
    // ROS_INFO("我听见:%s",(*msg_p).data.c_str());
}
int main(int argc, char  *argv[])
{
    setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
    //2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
    ros::init(argc,argv,"listener");
    //3.实例化 ROS 句柄
    ros::NodeHandle nh;

    //4.实例化 订阅者 对象
    ros::Subscriber sub = nh.subscribe<std_msgs::String>("chatter",10,doMsg);
    //5.处理订阅的消息(回调函数)

    //     6.设置循环调用回调函数
    ros::spin();//循环读取接收的数据，并调用回调函数处理

    return 0;
}

add_executable(Hello_pub
  src/Hello_pub.cpp
)
add_executable(Hello_sub
  src/Hello_sub.cpp
)

target_link_libraries(Hello_pub
  ${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)
target_link_libraries(Hello_sub
  ${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)

#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
    需求: 实现基本的话题通信，一方发布数据，一方接收数据，
         实现的关键点:
         1.发送方
         2.接收方
         3.数据(此处为普通文本)

         PS: 二者需要设置相同的话题


    消息发布方:
        循环发布信息:HelloWorld 后缀数字编号

    实现流程:
        1.导包 
        2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
        3.实例化 发布者 对象
        4.组织被发布的数据，并编写逻辑发布数据
"""
#1.导包 
import rospy
from std_msgs.msg import String

if __name__ == "__main__":
    #2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
    rospy.init_node("talker_p")
    #3.实例化 发布者 对象
    pub = rospy.Publisher("chatter",String,queue_size=10)
    #4.组织被发布的数据，并编写逻辑发布数据
    msg = String()  #创建 msg 对象
    msg_front = "hello 你好"
    count = 0  #计数器 
    # 设置循环频率
    rate = rospy.Rate(1)
    while not rospy.is_shutdown():

        #拼接字符串
        msg.data = msg_front + str(count)

        pub.publish(msg)
        rate.sleep()
        rospy.loginfo("写出的数据:%s",msg.data)
        count += 1

#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
    需求: 实现基本的话题通信，一方发布数据，一方接收数据，
         实现的关键点:
         1.发送方
         2.接收方
         3.数据(此处为普通文本)


    消息订阅方:
        订阅话题并打印接收到的消息

    实现流程:
        1.导包 
        2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
        3.实例化 订阅者 对象
        4.处理订阅的消息(回调函数)
        5.设置循环调用回调函数

"""
#1.导包 
import rospy
from std_msgs.msg import String

def doMsg(msg):
    rospy.loginfo("I heard:%s",msg.data)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    #2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
    rospy.init_node("listener_p")
    #3.实例化 订阅者 对象
    sub = rospy.Subscriber("chatter",String,doMsg,queue_size=10)
    #4.处理订阅的消息(回调函数)
    #5.设置循环调用回调函数
    rospy.spin()

catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
  scripts/talker_p.py
  scripts/listener_p.py
  DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)

string name
uint16 age
float64 height

  <build_depend>message_generation</build_depend>
  <exec_depend>message_runtime</exec_depend>
  <!-- 
  exce_depend 以前对应的是 run_depend 现在非法
  -->

find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS
  roscpp
  rospy
  std_msgs
  message_generation
)
# 需要加入 message_generation,必须有 std_msgs

## 配置 msg 源文件
add_message_files(
  FILES
  Person.msg
)

# 生成消息时依赖于 std_msgs
generate_messages(
  DEPENDENCIES
  std_msgs
)

#执行时依赖
catkin_package(
#  INCLUDE_DIRS include
#  LIBRARIES demo02_talker_listener
  CATKIN_DEPENDS roscpp rospy std_msgs message_runtime
#  DEPENDS system_lib
)